Opioid Food Peptides by Mohammad Raies Ul Haq

Author:Mohammad Raies Ul Haq
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789811561023
Publisher: Springer Singapore

5.6 Biological Activities of Casoxins

The research on the opioid peptides derived from the κ-casein fraction of cow milk has shown their role in contractility of the intestine and the transit time of gut in mice models. The use of conventional opioids as the analgesic agents has the side effects of induction of constipation in human subjects. In this perspective, rat, mouse, and guinea pig were taken for the study, and their ileal sections were dissected and stimulated electrically. This was followed by the induction of inhibition in vitro with the morphine. The latter phenomenon (morphine inhibition) inducted in guinea pig and mouse was in turn blocked by opioid subtype antagonists. Poly R-478 (polymeric dye), casoxin 4, and lactoferroxin A (opioid antagonists) were given orally and checked for blocking action induced by morphine in animal models by either single or double gavage methods. The results indicated that the tissue taken from the guinea pig was more sensitive to the inhibitory action of morphine in comparison to the rat or mouse tissue. The mouse showed remarkably δ and κ-opioid receptor actions having a lesser μ-opioid receptor element. Moreover, the observations demonstrated that both guinea pig and mouse tissues were sensitive to casoxin-4 (derived from κ-casein) antagonism, the inhibitory action on the contraction of ileum previously induced by morphine. Furthermore, contrariwise to naloxone, comparatively high doses (oral) of lactoferroxin and casoxin 4 (μ-opioid receptor antagonists), that were applied before and after morphine introduction was found to be unable to antagonize the inhibitory action of morphine for gut transit. In conclusion, it may be put forward that milk protein-derived peptide (casoxin 4) may reverse inhibitory action in the contraction induced by morphine in guinea pigs and mice in vitro. The same opioid peptide does not affect the morphine inhibitory activity in mouse small intestinal transit through oral administration (Patten et al. 2011). As aforementioned in the previous chapters the milk is a complete diet for infants and a part of the food for the adults also. This milk serves the nutritional aspects, however, during a few decades; a physiological perspective of this milk has been highlighted. The latter phenomenon is related to the production of the bioactive peptides in the gut that regulate various physiological processes. Keeping the above regards under consideration various researchers have explored numerous aspects in this field. In a similar type of research, Fiedorowicz and coworkers tried to assess the effect of milk-derived bioactive peptides, bovine and human BCM-7 (agonists) and kappa-casein derived casoxin D and 6 on the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and secretion of immunological molecules, i.e. cytokines. The proliferation of these cells was assessed through the BrdU test that checks the DNA synthesis activity. Moreover, the water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST-1) test that checks the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes was also performed. The latter test checks the metabolic activity of the mitochondria viability of cells. Cell proliferation in addition to indirect cell death may be assessed by this test on a large scale with the help of microtiter plates.

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